Migraines: Understanding the Causes and Relieving Symptoms with Massage

Did you know that Vincent van Gogh is believed to have suffered from migraines? In his letters, he describes flashes of light and visual disturbances—symptoms that are now considered typical of migraines with aura.

A slight throbbing in the temples, a dull pressure behind the eyes—that’s often how a common headache begins. But with migraines, it’s a different story. Instead of going away, an intense, throbbing pain sets in that can last for hours or even days. This is accompanied by symptoms such as sensitivity to light and sound, nausea, or visual disturbances. Millions of people worldwide are affected, but the causes have not yet been fully researched. 

Those who suffer from migraines know that a migraine attack can completely disrupt daily life. What causes this neurological condition, how does it differ from a regular headache, and can massage provide relief from migraines? 

Recommended Reading: Discover how head-to-toe massages can help with a wide variety of ailments — learn more now! 

What is a migraine?

Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, often severe headaches. It affects the entire nervous system and can be accompanied by a wide range of associated symptoms. Migraine goes far beyond “classic” headaches. 

Migraines vs. Regular Headaches – What's the Difference?

Many people confuse migraines with ordinary headaches. While tension headaches usually occur on both sides of the head and feel like a dull pressure, migraines are often one-sided and throbbing. The pain frequently worsens with movement, and those affected are sensitive to light and noise.

What types of migraines are there?

Not all migraines are the same. Depending on the severity, intensity, and accompanying symptoms, medical professionals distinguish between different forms of this condition:

• Migraine without aura: occurs suddenly and without warning.

• Migraine with aura: is preceded by neurological symptoms such as flickering vision, speech difficulties, or tingling.

• Chronic Migraine: more than 15 migraine days per month.

• Vestibular Migraine: associated with dizziness, balance problems, and nausea.

It is helpful for people with migraines to know what type of migraine they have—because that determines which treatment options are most effective.

Causes and Triggers – Why Do Migraines Occur?

Although the exact causes of migraines have not yet been fully elucidated, there are several known factors that can contribute to attacks. Hyperexcitability of nerve cells in the brain is considered the primary cause. This can be “triggered” by certain stimuli and then sets off a chain reaction that ultimately leads to a typical migraine.

What factors can trigger a migraine attack?

Not every migraine is caused by the same triggers. Common triggers include:

• Stress and emotional tension: Migraine attacks often occur during the transition from tension to relaxation.

• Diet: Certain foods, such as chocolate, aged cheese, alcohol, or caffeinated beverages, can trigger attacks.

• Changes in the weather: Some migraine sufferers are also sensitive to particularly sudden fluctuations in temperature or air pressure.

• Hormonal fluctuations: Many women experience migraine attacks related to their menstrual cycle or hormonal changes.

• Lack of sleep or too much sleep: An irregular sleep schedule can trigger migraines.

• Muscle Tension: People who sit a lot and are under stress are often prone to muscle tension—a factor that can exacerbate or even trigger migraine attacks.

Symptoms and Course – What Are the Signs of a Migraine?

Migraine attacks typically progress through several phases. An attack usually lasts a few hours, but can also last for several days. The symptoms are quite varied.

Common symptoms of migraine:

• A one-sided, throbbing headache—usually in the forehead, temples, or around the eyes.

• Sensitivity to Light and Sound 

• Nausea and Vomiting

• Difficulty concentrating and exhaustion

Migraine with aura vs. migraine without aura

Not every migraine attack comes on with warning, but about one-third of those affected experience neurological symptoms beforehand, known as an aura. These include flickering or flashes of light in the field of vision, tingling or numbness, and even speech difficulties or dizziness.

The headache usually sets in after about 20 to 60 minutes. However, people who do not experience an aura often do not realize that an attack is imminent until they feel the first pain.

How long does a migraine attack last?

A migraine attack can last between 4 and 72 hours —sometimes even longer. The duration and intensity vary greatly from person to person.

Treatment Options – What Helps with Migraines?

Depending on the severity and frequency of the attacks, some people can find relief through simple measures. For more severe attacks, a combination of medication and non-medication approaches may be used.

What medications are available to treat migraines?

• Pain relievers: For mild to moderate attacks, over-the-counter medications such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help.

• Triptans: These medications, developed specifically for migraines, constrict the dilated blood vessels in the brain and can help stop the attack.

• Antiemetics: If severe nausea occurs, medications such as metoclopramide or domperidone are often used as adjunctive therapy.

Note: Since migraine is a neurological condition, you should always consult a doctor before taking any medication.

What non-drug treatments are effective for migraines?

Of course, there are also complementary methods for reducing the frequency and intensity of migraine attacks. The following have proven particularly effective:

• Relaxation Techniques: Progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, or breathing exercises help minimize stress as a trigger.

• Exercise: Regular, moderate exercise can help prevent attacks—however, intense physical activity during an attack is counterproductive.

• Dietary Changes: Avoiding specific trigger foods can help reduce migraine attacks.

• Cold or heat treatments: Cold packs or warm compresses applied to the forehead or neck can provide relief, depending on individual preference.

Tip: You can learn more about massages and their effects on chronic pain in our article “Chronic Pain and Massage”.

Massages for Migraines – How They Work & Techniques

Migraines are often associated with tension in the neck, shoulders, and head. It therefore stands to reason that gentle massages can help relieve this muscle stiffness. They promote blood circulation and thus reduce potential triggers. They have a calming effect on the nervous system, lower stress levels, and promote relaxation—an important aspect of migraine prevention.

Which massage techniques are particularly effective?

• Neck and Shoulder Massage: Gentle kneading and stroking can relieve tension that contributes to migraines.

• Acupressure: Applying targeted pressure to specific points—such as between the eyebrows or on the temples—can relieve pain.

• Scalp Massage: A gentle scalp massage promotes blood circulation and relaxes the muscles.

Initial scientific studies suggest that massage may be a promising, supportive treatment for migraines. A controlled study examined the effects of classical massage and lymphatic drainage for migraine prevention. The results showed that both forms of therapy led to a reduction in migraine attacks

Recommended Reading: You can find out more about the positive effects of massage on mental health in our article “The Effects of Massage on the Nervous System”.

Massage Chairs as a Targeted Remedy for Migraines

Since tension in the neck and shoulder area is one of the most common triggers of migraines, massages are a great way to find relief. Gentle massage techniques combined with heat therapy can improve blood circulation and relieve muscle stiffness. Many models offer special programs for the head and neck area that help relax the entire body.

A massage chair offers a simple way to consciously take time out from your daily routine and reduce inner tension.

Recommended Reading: Is a massage chair a worthwhile investment in your health? Learn more in our article “Is a massage chair worth it?”.

Prevention – What Can Help Prevent Migraines?

While there is no cure for migraines, they can be significantly managed. People who know their personal triggers and take targeted steps to counteract them can reduce the frequency and intensity of their attacks. The following measures have proven particularly effective in preventing migraines:

• Reducing Stress – for example, through meditation, yoga, or mindfulness

• Enough Sleep —neither too much nor too little

• Physical Activity – regular moderate activity

• Identifying Personal Triggers – e.g., keeping a migraine and food diary

• Preventing Muscle Tension – through targeted massages or physical therapy exercises

Clear Your Mind – Here's How to Manage Migraines

Van Gogh probably didn't have his migraines under control. You can do better! While migraine is a complex neurological condition, you can make a big difference with the right self-care.

Massages for migraines also provide additional benefits: They loosen muscles, improve blood circulation, and promote soothing relaxation—whether through manual techniques or a massage chair. Make time for yourself regularly, and you’ll notice how the frequency and intensity of your migraines can improve.

Cover photo: fizkes; additional photos: Rido, Idil Demir